1. b. Some 500 tribes inhabited what is now the United States, totaling about 22 million people.
2. c. Census Bureau figures report that the Native American population in the United States is slightly above 2 million, or 1 percent of the total U.S. population.
3. d. Native American societies are matrilineal, with family
descent traced through the female line. Native women have traditionally performed central roles in both domestic and public decision making.
4. b. Approximately 2,200 words from Native languages are
contained in the English language.
5.
a) Animals
skunk
puma
moose
jaguar
chipmunk
raccoon
opossum
chigger
barracuda
caribou
b) Trees and Plants
pecan
mahogany
hickory
yucca
mesquite
tobacco
hominy
squash
maize
avocado
tapioca
papaya
tomato
potato
c) Weather Phenomena & Land Masses
hurricane
chinook
bayou
savanna
6. g,n,m,a,f,e,c,d,i,j,b,b,b,b
7. a. Exasperated by trading with the various separate colonies, Canassatego, the leader of the Iroquois Confederacy, urged Benjamin Franklin to encourage the other colonial leaders to form a unified, representative government, modeled after the government of the Iroquois Nation.
While the European founders had historical knowledge of the ancient Greek and Roman models of representative government, they were not familiar with this system in practice, as the countries of Europe were primarily monarchies. At Franklin's urging, the Continental Congress approved "a more perfect union" fashioned after the Iroquois model which was said to have been in existence for thousands of years.
8. c. The founders of the United States adopted the Iroquois Nation's symbol, the bald eagle, instead of the turkey, as Franklin had proposed.
9. d. The Navajo language proved to be an unbreakable code against the Japanese in World War II.
10. d. Ira Hayes,a member of the Pima tribe, fought on the Pacific island of Iwo Jima during World War II. Despite heavy enemy fire, Hayes and five other marines raised the U.S. flag atop the summit of the island. An Associated Press reporter captured this moment on film. The film became perhaps the most memorable of World War II.
11.
a) True
b) True. According to European religious beliefs prior to the time of the Crusades, bathing with water was considered an act of temptation causing sexual arousal. As a result, bathing was
outlawed in many areas of Europe. When European colonists arrived in America and saw the Native Americans openly bathing with water, they objected to the practice and pronounced the
Native Americans "heathens." The importance of bathing for hygienic purposes was foreign to Europeans until crusading soldiers, returning from the Middle East, adopted the idea of the
public bath. However, use of public baths was not widespread; to the contrary, it was reserved for the elite, who were few in number.
c) True
d) False. Bill Clinton signed this executive order.
RESOURCES
The following references present valuable information to enhance your understanding of
Native American culture and history.
Clicking on a linked title will take you directly to the Amazon.com page where you can purchase or learn more about the reference. Purchases made from this page through Amazon helps maintain this website.
"Cleanliness: An On-Again, Off-Again Practice" by Jay Stuller, Smithsonian ,Vol. 21 No.
11, February 1991. Avaliabale only from the Smithsonian
500 Nations: An Illustrated History of North American Indians by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, © 1994.
From Abenaki to Zuni: A Dictionary of Native American Tribes by Evelyn Wolfson.
Walker and Company, New York, © 1988. ages 9-12
Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World by Jack
Weatherford. Fawcett Columbine, New York, © 1988.
The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (Vols 1- IV), edited by Sharon
Malinowski and Anna Sheets. Gale Research, Inc., Michigan, © 1998.
Wisdom Keepers: Meetings With Native American Spiritual Elders by Steve Wall and
Harvey Arden. Beyond Words Publishing, Inc., Oregon, © 1990.
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